Patients with high-risk features on active surveillance for prostate cancer
- Author(s)
- Goodman, S; Dua, Y; Pan, HYC; Perera, S; Sathianathen, N; Perera, M; Murphy, D; Lawrentschuk, N;
- Journal Title
- Prostate International
- Publication Type
- Online publication before print
- Abstract
- Background/objectives With the increasing incidence of prostate cancer worldwide, active surveillance (AS) remains a cornerstone in the management of men with low-risk disease. While the criteria for AS in low-risk prostate cancer are well established, its appropriateness for men with higher-risk features is less clearly defined. This review aims to evaluate the evidence supporting AS in men with a family history of prostate cancer, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 4 or 5 lesions, and favorable intermediate-risk International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group (GG) 2 disease. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included those assessing outcomes of AS in men with higher-risk features, including family history of prostate or associated malignancies, PI-RADS 4–5 lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, or favorable risk ISUP GG2 disease. Studies were excluded if participants had a life expectancy of less than 10 years or had previously received definitive treatment for prostate cancer. Results Recent evidence suggests that a family history of prostate cancer may confer an increased risk of disease progression on AS; however, current data do not justify exclusion from surveillance on this basis alone. Two single-center studies demonstrated that men with PI-RADS 5 lesions at AS enrolment exhibited a higher rate of disease upgrading, with 70% progressing to ISUP GG2 and 25–33% to GG3 or higher at confirmatory biopsy. Increasing evidence supports the inclusion of selected men with favorable GG2 disease in AS protocols, provided the absence of high-risk clinical, biochemical, or radiological features. Approximately 50% may require definitive treatment within five years. Conclusions
- Keywords
- Active surveillance; Family history; Grade Group 2; Intermediate risk; PI-RADS; Prostate cancer
- Department(s)
- Surgical Oncology
- Publisher's Version
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prnil.2026.02.002
- Open Access at Publisher's Site
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Creation Date: 2026-06-16 12:05:21
Last Modified: 2026-06-16 12:05:36