Adrenal Anatomy and Physiology
Details
Publication Year 2025-05,Volume 52,Issue #2,Page 169-179
Journal Title
Urologic Clinics of North America
Publication Type
Review
Abstract
The adrenal glands are paired endocrine organs that play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating blood pressure, metabolism, electrolyte balance, and the body's response to stress. Each gland comprises the adrenal cortex, which produces steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla, responsible for catecholamine synthesis. The cortex is further divided into three functional zones, the zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids), and zona reticularis (androgens), while the medulla secretes adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine under sympathetic control. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the adrenal glands, including their anatomical structure, embryological development, vascular supply, microscopic architecture, and physiological function. Additionally, the historical evolution of adrenal research and the impact of modern molecular advancements are discussed. Understanding the anatomy and function of adrenal gland is crucial for diagnosing and managing adrenal disorders, including hormonal deficiencies, hypersecretion syndromes, and adrenal neoplasms.
Publisher
Elsevier
Keywords
Humans; *Adrenal Glands/physiology/anatomy & histology/embryology; Adrenal Gland Diseases/physiopathology; Adrenal glands; Anatomy; Cortex; Hormones; Medulla; Physiology; Stress response
Department(s)
Surgical Oncology
Terms of Use/Rights Notice
Refer to copyright notice on published article.


Creation Date: 2025-05-22 04:29:15
Last Modified: 2025-05-22 04:29:54

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